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Contrary (social role)
A Contrary was a member of a Native North American tribal group who adopted behavior that was deliberately the opposite of other tribal members. The Contraries were found among the historical Amerindian tribes of the Great Plains. They were a small number of individuals loosely organized into a cult that was devoted to the practice of contrary behavior.
The Contraries are related, in part, to the clown organizations of the Plains Indians, as well as to Plains military societies that contained ''reverse warriors''.〔John Plant: ''The Plains Indian Clowns, their Contraries and related Phenomena.'' Vienna 2010, p. 2.〕 The Lakota word heyoka, which translates as clown or opposites, serves as a collective title for these institutionalized forms of contrary behavior of the Plains Indians. When Lakota Indians first saw European clowns, they identified them with their own term for clowns, ''heyoka''.
== History of concept ==
George B. Grinnell introduced the designation Contraries based on his visits to the Cheyenne around 1898.〔 John Plant: ''Heyoka. Die Contraries und Clowns der Plainsindianer''. Foehr 1994, p. 196.〕 Written accounts of the ''heyoka'' (i.e., the Contraries and clowns of the Lakota and Santee) were published even earlier. The cultural anthropologist Julian Steward described various forms of ''contrary behavior'' in his 1930 article ''The Ceremonial Buffoon of the American Indian''.〔John Plant: ''The Plains Indian Clowns, their Contraries and related Phenomena''. Vienna 2010, p. 2f.〕 In 1945, Verne Ray examined contrary behavior in the ritual dances and ceremonies of North American Indians and differentiated a further characteristic of the contrary complex of the Plains Indians, reverse reaction, which means to do the opposite of what one is asked.〔John Plant: ''The Plains Indian Clowns, their Contraries and related Phenomena''. Vienna 2010, p. 3.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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